Topic 7: Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information Literacy (Lecture)

1. Copyright - refers to the legal right of the owner of intellectual property. This means that the original creators of products and anyone they give authorization to are the only ones with the exclusive right to reproduce the work.(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/copyright.asp) 

2. Plagiarism - means using someone else’s work without giving them proper credit. In academic writing, plagiarizing involves using words, ideas, or information from a source without citing it correctly.(https://www.scribbr.com/category/plagiarism/) 

3. Cyber- bullying - is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyber- bullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. ( https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it )

4. Computer addiction - is a condition that occurs when someone's life is consumed with being on the computer. Computer addiction is a growing health problem that is often treated through setting limits, therapy, and support groups. ( https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/computer-addiction.htm) 

5. Digital divide - is the gap that exists between individuals who have access to modern information and communication technology and those who lack access. (http://www.digitaldividecouncil.com/what-is-the-digital-divide/) 

6. Cyber libel - refers to unlawful or prohibited acts of libel committed through a computer system or any other similar means that may be devised in the future.(https://www.techslang.com/definition/what-is-cyberlibel/) 

7. Cybersex trafficking - is the exploitation of a person through the internet via webcam, photos, videos, or other digital media. Like sex trafficking, the victim is forced to provide sexual services via force, fraud, or coercion.(https://theexodusroad.com/cybersex-trafficking-grooming-exploitation-online/) 

8. Internet fraud - involves using online services and software with access to the internet to defraud or take advantage of victims. The term "internet fraud" generally covers cybercrime activity that takes place over the internet or on email, including crimes like identity theft, phishing, and other hacking activities designed to scam people out of money.(https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/internet-fraud) 

9. AI ethics - are the set of guiding principles that stakeholders (from engineers to government officials) use to ensure artificial intelligence technology is developed and used responsibly. This means taking a safe, secure, humane, and environmentally friendly approach to AI. (https://www.coursera.org/articles/ai-ethics)

10. Cybercrime - is criminal activity that either targets or uses a computer, a computer network or a networked device. Most cybercrime is committed by cyber criminals or hackers who want to make money. However, occasionally cybercrime aims to damage computers or networks for reasons other than profit. These could be political or personal.(https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/what-is-cybercrime)

11. Phishing - Phishing is a type of social engineering attack often used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers. It occurs when an attacker, masquerading as a trusted entity, dupes a victim into opening an email, instant message, or text message. The recipient is then tricked into clicking a malicious link, which can lead to the installation of malware, the freezing of the system as part of a ransomware attack or the revealing of sensitive information.

https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/phishing-attack-scam/#:~:text=Phishing%20is%20a%20type%20of,instant%20message%2C%20or%20text%20message.

12. Citizen Journalism - Citizen journalism is defined as a phenomenon in which individual members of society create news content. Laypeople without a background in journalism gather, develop, distribute and share news content, occupying the role previously held by professional journalists.

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/politics/political-participation/citizen-journalism/#:~:text=Citizen%20journalism%20is%20defined%20as,previously%20held%20by%20professional%20journalists.

13. Catfishing - refers to when a person takes information and images, typically from other people, and uses them to create a new identity for themselves. In some cases, a catfisher steals another individual's complete identity—including their image, date of birth, and geographical location—and pretends that it is their own.

https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/catfishing#:~:text=Catfishing%20refers%20to%20when%20a,that%20it%20is%20their%20own.